The rate of unemployment in December is 6.7%, 0.6% lower than in October

In the USA, the rate of unemployment in December 2013 is 6.7%. It is 0.6% lower than in October. According to our model, this dramatic fall during the last two months was expected. Actually, two years ago we predicted the level of unemployment to fall between 6.0% and 6.4% by the end of 2013 or the beginning of 2014. 

So, we have been reporting on the decline in the rate of unemployment in the US since the beginning of 2012. We predicted a dramatic period of unemployment falling down to the level of 6.2% (=-0.4%) in the fourth quarter of 2013. This prediction was made after we accurately forecasted (on March 1, 2012) the rate of unemployment in the US to fall down to 7.8% by the end of 2012. Here we update our model and present the evolution of the unemployment rate in the second quarter of 2013. Overall, the measured rate has been following our prediction. We foresee the rate to fall down to 6% [±0.4%] in the fourth quarter of 2013 or in the first quarter of 2014.

In 2006, we developed three individual empirical relationships between the rate of unemployment, u(t), price inflation, p(t), and the change rate of labour force, LF(t), in the United States. We also revealed a general relationship balancing all three variables. Since measurement (including definition) errors in all three variables are independent it may so happen that they cancel each other (destructive interference) and the general relationship might have better statistical properties than the individual ones. For the USA, the best fit model for annual estimates was a follows:

u(t) = p(t-2.5) + 2.5dLF(t-5)/dtLF(t-5) + 0.0585   (1)

where inflation (CPI) leads unemployment by 2.5 years (30 months) and the change in labor force leads by 5 years (60 months). We have already posted on the performance of this model several times.

For the model in this post, we use monthly estimates of the headline CPI, u, and labor force, all reported by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. The time lags are the same as in (1) but coefficients are different since we use month to month-a-year-ago rates of growth. We have also allowed for changing inflation coefficient. The best fit models for the period after 1978 are as follows:

u(t) = 0.63p(t-2.5) + 2.0dLF(t-5)/dtLF(t-5) + 0.07; between 1978 and 2003

u(t) = 0.90p(t-2.5) + 4.0dLF(t-5)/dtLF(t-5) + 0.30; after 2003

There is a structural break in 2003 which is needed to fit the predictions and observations in Figure 1. Due to strong fluctuations in monthly estimates of labor force and CPI we smoothed the predicted curve with MA(24).

The structural break in 2003 may be associated with the change of sensitivity of the rate of unemployment to the change of inflation and labor force. Alternatively, definitions of all three (or two) variables were revised around 2003, which is the year when new population controls were introduced by the BLS. The Census Bureau also reports major revisions to the Current Population Survey, where the estimates of labor force and unemployment are taken from. Therefore, the reason behind the change in coefficients night be of artificial character - the change in measuring units.

Figure 1 depicts the predicted and observed in the rate of unemployment since the beginning of the 1960s. Figure 2 depicts the observed and predicted rate of unemployment since 2006, including  a forecast for the next 12 months. The model showed that the rate will fall to 6.0 % by December 2013. For 114 observations since 2003, the modelling error is 0.4% with the precision of unemployment rate measurement of 0.2% (Census Bureau estimates in Technical Paper 66). Hence, one may expect 6.0% [±0.4%]. So far, our model was accurate in major changes, with all observed short-term deviations returning to the predicted curve.

 

Figure 1. Observed and predicted rate of unemployment in the USA. 

Figures 2. The predicted and observed  rate of unemployment since 2006. We expect this rate to fall down to 6.0%  (and likely below) in the beginning 2014. The red and  black curves have to intercept somewhere in 2014.